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New Jersey Search and Seizure Law, with coverage of Arrests, Confessions, and Privacy Expectations: 2024 Ed.

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CURRENT EDITION 2024
PAGES 272
ESTIMATED NEXT EDITION DATE May 30, 2025
LAST RELEASE DATE June 13, 2024
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New Jersey Search and Seizure Law, with coverage of Arrests, Confessions, and Privacy Expectations: 2024 Ed.

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New Jersey Search and Seizure Law, with coverage of Arrests, Confessions, and Privacy Expectations, provides a clear and comprehensive approach to the study of modern constitutional criminal procedure. It provides extensive analysis of constitutional criminal procedure, investigative detentions, the law of arrest, search & seizure, privacy expectations, administrative and regulatory searches, private searches, confession law, and foreign nationals.

New Jersey Search and Seizure Law, with coverage of Arrests, Confessions, and Privacy Expectations, provides a clear and comprehensive approach to the study of modern constitutional criminal procedure. It analyzes the classical and current United States Supreme Court and federal circuit court decisions, along with relevant state court decisions that impact the day-to-day duties of law enforcement and criminal justice professionals. Search and Seizure Law removes the guesswork in, and tedious search for, “today’s law.” Where relevant, specific areas of state court departure have been identified. This is where various state courts employ “New Federalism” to rely on their own constitutions to provide state citizens with added protection to their rights and liberties. Search and Seizure Law is an officer’s, attorney’s or law/criminal justice student’s or professor’s valuable reference for the Laws of Arrest, Confessions, and Privacy Expectations.

  • CONSTITUTIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
    • 1.1 Constitutional Analysis
      • 1.1.1 The Fourth Amendment
      • 1.1.2 The Fifth Amendment
      • 1.1.3 The Sixth Amendment
    • 1.2 New Federalism
    • 1.3 Interpreting the New Jersey Constitution
      • 1.3.1 Rights of Crime Victims
    • 1.4 The Exclusionary Rule
      • 1.4.1 General aspects
      • 1.4.2 “Fruit of the Poisonous Tree” Doctrine
      • 1.4.3 “Attenuation” Doctrine
      • 1.4.4 The Good-Faith Exception
      • 1.4.5 The “Independent Source” Doctrine
      • 1.4.6 The “Inevitable Discovery” Rule
  • INVESTIGATIVE DETENTIONS
    • 2.1 Levels of encounters
    • 2.2 Consensual encounters; the “mere inquiry”
      • 2.2.1 Working the buses
    • 2.3 Investigative detentions; “stop and frisk”
      • 2.3.1 Reasonable articulable suspicion for a stop
        • 2.3.1.1 The scope of an investigative detention
        • 2.3.1.2 Stop and identify
        • 2.3.1.3 The “least intrusive means” test
        • 2.3.1.4 Transporting suspects
        • 2.3.1.5 Handcuffing suspects
      • 2.3.2 Reasonable suspicion for a protective “frisk”
        • 2.3.2.1 Anonymous tip— “Man with a Gun” call
      • 2.3.3 The scope of the protective frisk
      • 2.3.4 Plain touch
      • 2.3.5 Various factors to consider
        • 2.3.5.1 A suspect’s prior criminal record
        • 2.3.5.2 An officer’s training and experience
        • 2.3.5.3 Knowledge of a recent crime in the area
        • 2.3.5.4 High-crime/high drug-trafficking areas
        • 2.3.5.5 Time period
        • 2.3.5.6 Wanted flyers
        • 2.3.5.7 Evasive conduct, furtive gestures, etc
        • 2.3.5.8 Flight
        • 2.3.5.9 Tips provided by informants
        • 2.3.5.10 Drug courier profiles
      • 2.3.6 Mere inquiries, investigative stops and Miranda
      • 2.3.7 Investigative detentions of vehicles; the “motor vehicle or traffic stop”
        • 2.3.7.1 General aspects
        • 2.3.7.2 A tip of dangerous or erratic driving
        • 2.3.7.3 Observed violations
          • 2.3.7.3.1 The “owner is the driver” assumption
        • 2.3.7.4 Permissible activities at, and length of, a traffic stop
          • 2.3.7.4.1 The VIN of a motor vehicle
        • 2.3.7.5 Roadblocks and checkpoints
        • 2.3.7.6 Removing drivers or passengers from the motor vehicle
          • 2.3.7.6.1 Opening a car door without warning
        • 2.3.7.7 A “Terry frisk” of the vehicle’s passenger compartment
        • 2.3.7.8 Pretextual stops
      • 2.3.8 Investigative detentions of property
        • 2.3.8.1 A trained “sniff” by a “canine cannabis connoisseur”
  • THE LAW OF ARREST
    • 3.1 General aspects
    • 3.2 The objective standard
    • 3.3 Factors to consider
    • 3.4 The probable cause requirement
    • 3.5 Involuntary transportation to the police station
    • 3.6 An officer’s training, experience and expertise
    • 3.7 The “fellow officer” / “collective knowledge” rule
    • 3.8 Other factors to consider
      • 3.8.1 High crime areas
      • 3.8.2 Identification of suspect
      • 3.8.3 Informants
      • 3.8.4 Flight, nervousness or evasive maneuvers
    • 3.9 Arrest with a warrant
      • 3.9.1 Contents of the arrest warrant
        • 3.9.1.1 Summons vs. Warrant decisions
        • 3.9.1.2 Media ride-alongs
      • 3.9.2 Delay in making an arrest
      • 3.9.3 Protective sweeps
    • 3.10 Arrest without a warrant
    • 3.11 Entry of a dwelling to effect an arrest
      • 3.11.1 The requirement of exigent circumstances in addition to probable cause
      • 3.11.2 Exigent circumstances further explored
        • 3.11.2.1 Community caretaking and emergency aid
        • 3.11.2.2 Hot pursuit
      • 3.11.3 Consent
      • 3.11.4 Payton violations and the limits of the exclusionary rule
        • 3.11.4.1 Minor offenses
      • 3.12 Entry of the home of a third party
      • 3.13 The “knock and announce” rule
      • 3.14 Use of force to effect an arrest
      • 3.15 Procedures after arrest
        • 3.15.1 Authority to obtain fingerprints and photographs
  • SEARCH & SEIZURE
    • 4.1 The Warrant Requirement
      • 4.1.1 Preliminary
      • 4.1.2 The search warrant affidavit
      • 4.1.3 Issuance of the warrant
      • 4.1.4 The particularity requirement
        • 4.1.4.1 The places to be searched
        • 4.1.4.2 The things to be seized
          • 4.1.4.2.1 Contraband goods
      • 4.1.5 Judicial requirements
        • 4.1.5.1 The neutral and detached magistrate
        • 4.1.5.2 Oath or affirmation
      • 4.1.6 The probable cause requirement
        • 4.1.6.1 The “totality of the circumstances” test
        • 4.1.6.2 Staleness of probable cause
        • 4.1.6.3 The “four corners” test
      • 4.1.7 Sources of information / informants
        • 4.1.7.1 Criminal informants
        • 4.1.7.2 Citizen informants
        • 4.1.7.3 Fellow officers
        • 4.1.7.4 Anonymous tips
      • 4.1.8 Warrant execution; serving the warrant
        • 4.1.8.1 Secrecy
        • 4.1.8.2 Entry and the “knock and announce” rule
          • 4.1.8.2.1 The time between the announcement and the entry
      • 4.1.9 Inventory and return
        • 4.1.9.1 Police Need Not Inform Owner of the Procedures for Property Return
      • 4.1.10 Anticipatory warrants
      • 4.1.11 Scope of the search
        • 4.1.11.1 The authority to detain occupants
        • 4.1.11.2 Media ride-alongs
    • 4.2 Exceptions to the warrant requirement (warrantless searches)
      • 4.2.1 Search incident to a lawful arrest
        • 4.2.1.1 The person of the arrestee and the area within his immediate control
          • 4.2.1.1.1 Strip searches
          • 4.2.1.1.2 Fingerprints, photographs and DNA
          • 4.2.1.1.3 The search must be substantially contemporaneous with the arrest
            • 4.2.1.1.3.1 Items carried by the arrestee
          • 4.2.1.1.4 Minor offenses
          • 4.2.1.1.5 Search incident to citation rejected
          • 4.2.1.1.6 Blood and breath alcohol
          • 4.2.1.1.7 Cell phones
            • 4.2.1.1.7.1 Cell phone location data
        • 4.2.1.2 Motor vehicle searches incident to arrest
      • 4.2.2 Exigent circumstances
        • 4.2.2.1 Destruction or removal of evidence
          • 4.2.2.1.1 Crime scenes
            • 4.2.2.1.1.1 Protective, victim/suspect fan-out searches
          • 4.2.2.1.2 Evidence about to be destroyed
          • 4.2.2.1.3 Narcotics and other dangerous drugs
          • 4.2.2.1.4 Pending the arrival of a search warrant
            • 4.2.2.1.4.1 When the knock and announce prompts the sound of evidence destruction
          • 4.2.2.1.5 Blood alcohol
        • 4.2.2.2 Safety of the officer or others
          • 4.2.2.2.1 When there is an imminent threat of violence
            • 4.2.2.2.1.1 Burglary in progress
        • 4.2.2.3 Hot/fresh pursuit
        • 4.2.2.4 Emergency aid
          • 4.2.2.4.1 Firefighters
        • 4.2.2.5 Community caretaking
          • 4.2.2.5.1 Protective custody
      • 4.2.3 Consent searches
        • 4.2.3.1 General aspects
        • 4.2.3.2 The right to refuse
        • 4.2.3.3 Determining whether the consent was voluntary or coerced
        • 4.2.3.4 Express or implied consent
        • 4.2.3.5 Common authority
          • 4.2.3.5.1 Parental consent
        • 4.2.3.6 Co-occupants
        • 4.2.3.7 Consent provided by a minor
        • 4.2.3.8 Traffic stops
        • 4.2.3.9 Scope of the consent
      • 4.2.4 Automobile exception
        • 4.2.4.1 General aspects
        • 4.2.4.2 Closed packages in an automobile
        • 4.2.4.3 Passengers’ belongings
        • 4.2.4.4 Delayed searches
        • 4.2.4.5 K-9 searches
        • 4.2.4.6 Searches for evidence of ownership
        • 4.2.4.7 Odor of contraband
        • 4.2.4.8 Motor homes
        • 4.2.4.9 GPS tracking
        • 4.2.4.10 Driveway searches
      • 4.2.5 Impound and inventory searches
        • 4.2.5.1 General aspects
        • 4.2.5.2 Pre-existing standardized procedures
        • 4.2.5.3 Booking procedures
  • PRIVACY EXPECTATIONS
    • 5.1 Preliminary
      • 5.1.1 Listening devices
      • 5.1.2 Presence of the media during warrant execution
      • 5.1.3 Thermal imaging devices
      • 5.1.4 Use of a flashlight
      • 5.1.5 Drug field test not a search
      • 5.1.6 Use of a drug-sniffing dog on a homeowner’s porch
      • 5.1.7 The VIN of an automobile
      • 5.1.8 Reasonable expectations of privacy and a person’s physical appearance
        • 5.1.8.1 Facial characteristics
        • 5.1.8.2 Fingerprints
        • 5.1.8.3 The physical characteristics of a person’s voice
        • 5.1.8.4 Handwriting
        • 5.1.8.5 Soles of a person’s shoes
      • 5.1.9 Arrest records
      • 5.1.10 The passenger area of a commercial bus
      • 5.1.11 Rental cars
      • 5.1.12 Parking lots
      • 5.1.13 Bank records
    • 5.2 Open fields
      • 5.2.1 The “curtilage”
        • 5.2.1.1 A home’s driveway
      • 5.2.2 The “knock and talk”
    • 5.3 Plain view
      • 5.3.1 General aspects
      • 5.3.2 Use of a flashlight
      • 5.3.3 Aerial observations
    • 5.4 Abandonment
      • 5.4.1 General aspects
        • 5.4.1.1 Throwing or discarding property
      • 5.4.2 Abandoned structures
      • 5.4.3 Curbside garbage
      • 5.4.4 Denying ownership
        • 5.4.4.1 Silence in response to a police inquiry about ownership
  • ADMINISTRATIVE AND REGULATORY SEARCHES
    • 6.1 Administrative searches
      • 6.1.1 The “balancing of interests” analysis
      • 6.1.2 The “special needs” analysis
        • 6.1.2.1 School searches
          • 6.1.2.1.1 An unreasonable strip search
        • 6.1.2.2 Government employers
        • 6.1.2.3 Probation and parole
        • 6.1.2.4 Drug testing
          • 6.1.2.4.1 Hotel/motel registries
      • 6.2 Regulatory searches
      • 6.3 Fire Scenes
        • 6.3.1 Preliminary considerations
        • 6.3.2 The warrant requirement and fire scene entries
          • 6.3.2.1 To determine cause and origin
          • 6.3.2.2 To search for evidence of arson
      • 6.4 Border Searches
  • PRIVATE SEARCHES
    • 7.1 General aspects
    • 7.2 The target of the exclusionary rule
  • CONFESSION LAW
    • 8.1 Introduction
      • 8.1.1 The Fifth Amendment
      • 8.1.2 The Miranda Requirements
      • 8.1.3 The Miranda Formula
    • 8.2 Interviews and Confessions
      • 8.2.1 Preliminary issues
        • 8.2.1.1 Uncorroborated confessions and the “corpus delicti” rule
        • 8.2.1.2 Electronic recordings of custodial interrogations
        • 8.2.1.3 Volunteered statements
      • 8.2.2 What constitutes custody?
        • 8.2.2.1 General aspects
        • 8.2.2.2 A motor vehicle stop is not Miranda custody
        • 8.2.2.3 Stationhouse questioning
        • 8.2.2.4 Hospital settings
        • 8.2.2.5 When the suspect is a juvenile, age should be taken into account
        • 8.2.2.6 Prison custody is not Miranda custody
      • 8.2.3 What constitutes interrogation?
        • 8.2.3.1 General aspects
        • 8.2.3.2 The Fifth Amendment setting
          • 8.2.3.2.1 Providing information about the crime
          • 8.2.3.2.2 Consent searches
        • 8.2.3.3 The Sixth Amendment setting
          • 8.2.3.3.1 The “Christian Burial” case
          • 8.2.3.3.2 After indictment
          • 8.2.3.3.3 When the right to counsel attaches
    • 8.3 Miranda
      • 8.3.1 Administration; when to advise
        • 8.3.1.1 When the administration of the Miranda warnings has become stale
        • 8.3.1.2 When a suspect becomes the “focus” or “target” of an investigation
        • 8.3.1.3 On the scene questioning
      • 8.3.2 Miranda and motor vehicle offenses
        • 8.3.2.1 The routine “booking question” exception to Miranda
        • 8.3.2.2 Physical sobriety tests
      • 8.3.3 The public safety exception
      • 8.3.4 The impeachment exception
      • 8.3.5 Physical fruits of an unwarned statement
    • 8.4 Events surrounding the interrogation process
      • 8.4.1 Invocation of rights
        • 8.4.1.1 The right to remain silent
          • 8.4.1.1.1 Booking questions
          • 8.4.1.1.2 A suspect’s silence and impeachment
        • 8.4.1.2 The right to counsel
          • 8.4.1.2.1 A request for counsel during non-custodial questioning
          • 8.4.1.2.2 Conditional requests
          • 8.4.1.2.3 When the accused initiates further conversation
          • 8.4.1.2.4 Offenses unrelated to the subject of the initial interrogation
          • 8.4.1.2.5 The Shatzer 14-day rule
      • 8.4.2 Waiver of rights
        • 8.4.2.1 General aspects
          • 8.4.2.1.1 Voluntariness—a two-step analysis
          • 8.4.2.1.2 A free and unconstrained choice; inducements to confess
            • 8.4.2.1.2.1 A knowing and intelligent choice
          • 8.4.2.1.3 Juveniles
          • 8.4.2.1.4 Intoxicated or impaired suspects
          • 8.4.2.1.5 Lying to a suspect
          • 8.4.2.1.7Aninitialfailuretowarn
          • 8.4.2.1.8 Deliberate “end runs” around Miranda
        • 8.4.2.2 Illegal detention
        • 8.4.2.3 Outside influences
  • FOREIGN NATIONALS
    • 9.1 Notification of Rights
    • 9.2 Waiver of Rights
    • 9.3 Diplomatic Immunity
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