1. Introduction
2. Constitutional Search, Seizure and Use of Force Principles
§2-1. Introduction: What Constitutes a Search?
§2-2. Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion
§2-3. Non-search Investigatory Activities
§2-4. Exceptions to the Search Warrant Requirement
§2-5. Use of Force to Seize a Person
§2-6. Summary
3. Patrol Service Dogs
§3-1. Does Deployment of Police Service Dogs Equal Deadly Force?
§3-2. Bite and Hold, Bark and Hold, and Bite Radio Myths
§3-3. General Rules for Deployment of Patrol Service Dogs
§3-4. Felony Deployment
§3-5. Misdemeanor Deployment
§3-6. Necessity of Warnings and Exceptions to Warnings Rule
§3-7. Necessity of Handler Control
§3-8. Correctional Institution Applications for a Police Service Dog
§3-9. Tactical Team Applications for a Police Service Dog
§3-10. Principles of Liability
§3-11. Risk Management Strategies for Controlling Liability
§3-12. Supervisory Liability
§3-13. Summary
4. Drug Detector Dogs
§4-1. A Sniff is Not a Search
§4-2. Detector Dog Terminology
§4-3. Triad of Foundation Elements for Detector Dog Testimony
§4-4. Sniffs of Persons
§4-5. Vehicle Sniffs
§4-6. Sniffs Incidental to Vehicle Inventories
§4-7. Sniffs During Traffic Checkpoints
§4-8. Parking Area Sniffs
§4-9. Bus, Railcar, and Airplane Luggage Interdiction
§4-10. Watercraft Interdiction
§4-11. School Sniffs and Searches
§4-12. Parcel Interdiction
§4-13. Storage Locker Sniffs
§4-14. Currency Sniffs
§4-15. Residential Sniffs
§4-16. Record Keeping Considerations
§4-17. Summary
5. Accelerant Detector Dogs
§5-1. Fourth Amendment Intrusion
§5-2. Administrative or General Search Warrant?
§5-3. Establishing Reliability
§5-4. Summary
6. Explosive Detector Dogs
§6-1. Does a Positive Final Response Create Probable Cause to Search?
§6-2. Border Searches
§6-3. Administrative Searches at Secured Buildings
§6-4. Investigatory Sniffs
§6-5. Special Needs Sniffs
§6-6. Explosive Detector Dog Reliability
§6-7. Summary
7. Human Detector Dogs
§7-1. Acceptance of Dog Scenting Evidence
§7-2. Establishing an Evidentiary Foundation for Tracking or Trailing Dog Evidence
§7-3. Canine Evidence as Substantive Evidence of Criminal Involvement
§7-4. Human Scent Lineups
§7-5. A Fair and Impartial Human Scent Lineup
§7-6. Emergency Searches of Private Property
§7-7. Searching Public and Private Areas with Human Remains Detector Dogs
§7-8. Human Remains Detector Dog Evidence of Presence of Human Remains
§7-9. Summary
8. Other Service Dog Disciplines
§8-1. Wildlife Detector Dogs
§8-2. Agricultural Detector Dogs
§8-3. Summary
9. Labor Law Issues for Police Service Dog Handlers
§9-1. General FLSA Provisions
§9-2. Home Care
§9-3. Transportation Time
§9-4. Training, On-call Time, and Call-outs
§9-5. Damages
§9-6. FLSA Solutions
§9-7. Summary
10. Drug Detector and Patrol Dog Testimony
§10-1. Principles of Court Testimony
§10-2. Foundation Questions
§10-3. Training Questions
§10-4. Drug Detector Dog Questions
§10-5. Pseudo-Narcotic Questions
§10-6. Incident Questions
§10-7. Currency Questions
§10-8. Patrol Service Dog (Use of Force Liability) Questions
11. Appendices
§11-1. Sample Policy for Drug Detector Police Service Dog Deployment
§11-2. Sample Policy for Patrol Dog Deployment
§11-3. Glossary of Detector Dog Terminology
§11-4. English and Spanish Deployment Warnings
§11-5. North American Police National and Regional Service Dog Organizations and Training
Resources
§11-6. Sample Search Warrant Affidavit Based on Drug Detector Dog Deployment
§11-6a. Sample Parcel Search Warrant Affidavit
§11-7. Bibliography and Advanced Readings
Table of Cases
Index